อ่านแล้วเดาคำ — CEFR 4

เงินเฟ้อกัดกินค่าจ้าง

When prices rise faster than wages, real income falls. Workers may earn more on paper and still afford less.Economists call this the gap between ＿＿ and real pay.Households notice it first in food and fuel. Those two items take a large share of a low income. A rise in the minimum wage rarely keeps up. Central banks respond by raising interest rates. Borrowing becomes expensive, so people spend less. Lower demand is meant to bring prices back down. The cure, though, can be worse than the illness. Firms that cannot service their debt cut jobs or fold. Policy therefore aims at a soft landing rather than a sharp one. Getting the timing right is largely a matter of judgement.

✓ nominal— นักเศรษฐศาสตร์เรียกสิ่งนี้ว่าช่องว่างระหว่างค่าจ้างที่เป็นตัวเลขกับค่าจ้างที่แท้จริง